Globally, over 366 million adults grapple with the challenges of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[1] Despite this significant number, studies indicate that less than 20% of adults with ADHD receive a diagnosis and appropriate treatment.[2]
Living with undiagnosed ADHD can feel like constantly swimming against the tide. The daily struggles, such as poor focus, memory lapses, and impulsive behaviors, are just the tip of the iceberg. Undiagnosed ADHD can have profound life consequences, impacting career progression, relationships, and the ability to complete essential tasks.
For many adults with ADHD, receiving a diagnosis and starting treatment can be truly transformative. While there isn’t a single, definitive test for ADHD, working with healthcare professionals and following a structured approach can lead to an accurate diagnosis.
If you recognize symptoms of adult ADHD in yourself, it’s crucial to seek professional evaluation. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve your quality of life.
Here’s a comprehensive guide on How To Get Tested For Adhd as an adult.
1. Self-Reflection: Recognizing Potential ADHD Symptoms
Identifying ADHD symptoms in adults can be more complex than in children. Adult ADHD often manifests in subtler ways, making it easy to overlook.
The signs of adult ADHD are generally categorized into inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
Inattentive Symptoms May Include:[3]
- Frequent careless mistakes and overlooking details in work or daily tasks.
- Difficulty maintaining focus during work, reading, or conversations.
- Struggling to finish tasks, such as chores, work projects, or school assignments.
- Avoiding tasks that require sustained mental effort, like paperwork or detailed planning.
- Mind wandering and difficulty staying on track during tasks.
- Losing focus in conversations, even when directly addressed.
- Misplacing essential items like keys, wallets, phones, or documents.
- Poor time management skills and chronic lateness.
- Disorganization and difficulty managing sequential tasks.
- Challenges following instructions completely.
- Frequently missing deadlines and appointments.
Hyperactive and Impulsive Symptoms May Include:[3]
- Restlessness and difficulty staying seated in situations where it’s expected, such as meetings or classes.
- Intruding on others’ activities or conversations.
- Frequently interrupting others.
- Feeling internally restless and unable to relax.
- Fidgeting, tapping hands or feet, or squirming in seat.
- Impatience and difficulty waiting in lines or for their turn.
- Feeling constantly on the go, as if driven by a motor.
- Talking excessively and rapidly.
Begin by honestly assessing your daily challenges. Consider if these difficulties align with the characteristic symptoms of ADHD. This self-assessment is the first step in understanding if further evaluation is needed.
2. Understanding the DSM-5 ADHD Diagnostic Criteria
Beyond just recognizing symptoms, understanding the established diagnostic criteria for ADHD is essential. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), provides standardized criteria used by healthcare professionals to diagnose mental health conditions, including ADHD.
Familiarizing yourself with the DSM-5 ADHD diagnostic criteria will give you a clearer picture of whether your experiences align with a potential ADHD diagnosis.[3]
The DSM-5 criteria for ADHD in adults include:
- Symptom Threshold: Experiencing at least five symptoms of inattention or at least five symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity (or a combination) from the lists mentioned earlier.
- Duration: Symptoms must have been present for at least six months.
- Age of Onset: Some symptoms must have been present before the age of 12 years. While ADHD can be diagnosed in adulthood, the symptoms must have originated in childhood.
- Cross-Situational Impairment: Symptoms must cause impairment in two or more settings of your life, such as work, school, home, or social situations.
- Significant Interference: Symptoms must significantly interfere with your ability to function effectively at school, work, or in social settings.
- Exclusion of Other Conditions: Symptoms should not be better explained by another mental health condition, such as anxiety, depression, or a learning disability.
It’s important to remember that experiencing some ADHD-like symptoms occasionally is normal. However, a diagnosis of ADHD requires these symptoms to be persistent, impairing, and to meet the full DSM-5 criteria.
Alt: An adult male thoughtfully researches ADHD symptoms online, using a laptop in a brightly lit room, indicating proactive health information seeking.
3. Symptom Checklists and Self-Assessments: Initial Screening Tools
After gaining a better understanding of adult ADHD symptoms and the DSM-5 criteria, you can use symptom checklists and self-assessments as initial screening tools.
Taking an online ADHD test for adults can be a helpful starting point. These tests often consist of symptom checklists designed to help you recognize ADHD traits and provide an initial indication of whether you might have ADHD.
It’s crucial to understand the limitations of these self-assessments. Online ADHD tests are not diagnostic tools. They are designed for self-screening and to raise awareness, not to provide a definitive diagnosis. A comprehensive evaluation by a qualified professional is always necessary for an accurate diagnosis. Self-assessments can, however, be valuable in prompting you to seek professional help by highlighting potential areas of concern.
4. Consulting Your Primary Care Physician: The First Professional Step
Following a self-assessment, if you suspect you might have ADHD, the next recommended step is to discuss your concerns with your primary care physician (PCP) or family doctor. This is often the most accessible and comfortable first step in seeking professional help.
Many PCPs are equipped to provide an initial assessment for ADHD. Some are also qualified to diagnose ADHD, prescribe medication, and manage treatment, especially for uncomplicated cases. Your PCP can discuss your symptoms, review your medical history, and perform a basic physical exam to rule out any other underlying medical conditions that might be contributing to your symptoms.
In some cases, your PCP may feel that a referral to a specialist is necessary. This is often the case if they suspect co-occurring mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, or bipolar disorder, alongside ADHD. They might also refer you if your symptoms are complex or require specialized expertise for diagnosis and management.
5. Finding a Qualified ADHD Specialist: Navigating Professional Expertise
For a comprehensive ADHD evaluation and tailored treatment plan, seeking a qualified specialist is often the most effective route. Several types of healthcare professionals specialize in diagnosing and treating adult ADHD, each with unique expertise:
- Psychologist: Psychologists specialize in diagnosing conditions affecting mental processes, emotions, and behavior. They use psychological testing and clinical interviews to diagnose ADHD. While they cannot prescribe medication, psychologists offer valuable therapeutic interventions like talk therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). These therapies help individuals develop coping strategies, manage symptoms, and improve daily functioning.
- Psychiatrist: Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders, including ADHD. They can prescribe medication, develop comprehensive treatment plans, and monitor medication effectiveness and side effects. Psychiatrists often have in-depth knowledge of ADHD and co-occurring conditions, making them well-suited to manage complex cases. However, consultations with psychiatrists may sometimes be more expensive than with psychologists.
- Neurologist: Neurologists specialize in disorders of the brain and nervous system. While they can diagnose ADHD, their expertise is particularly valuable in identifying or ruling out other neurological conditions that might mimic or co-exist with ADHD. However, for primary ADHD diagnosis and ongoing management, individuals often seek psychiatrists or psychologists.
- Family Doctor/PCP: As mentioned, your family doctor can be a starting point. Some are comfortable diagnosing and managing ADHD, particularly if it’s straightforward. However, for complex cases or when co-existing conditions are suspected, referral to a specialist like a psychiatrist or psychologist is generally recommended for more specialized care.
Alt: A psychologist engages attentively with a patient during a therapy session, highlighting the supportive environment for mental health consultation and ADHD management.
Take time to research and understand the roles of these different professionals in ADHD diagnosis and treatment. This will empower you to choose the specialist who best meets your needs and preferences.
Resources for finding a qualified professional include:
- Online Directories: Use online directories of doctors and filter by specialty (psychology, psychiatry, neurology) and area of focus (ADHD).
- ADHD Support Organizations: Contact organizations like ADDA (Attention Deficit Disorders Association) for referrals and resources.
- Personal Network: Ask trusted friends, family members, or your PCP for recommendations of ADHD specialists.
- Insurance Provider: Check your insurance provider’s network for in-network specialists to manage costs.
When you find a potential specialist, don’t hesitate to inquire about their experience with adult ADHD, their diagnostic methods, and their treatment approaches. Choosing a professional you feel comfortable with is crucial for open communication and a successful diagnostic and treatment process.
6. Undergoing a Comprehensive ADHD Evaluation: The Diagnostic Process
Once you have selected a qualified specialist, the next step is to undergo a comprehensive ADHD evaluation. It’s important to reiterate that there is no single “ADHD test.” Diagnosis involves a multi-faceted evaluation process.
A comprehensive ADHD evaluation typically includes several components:
- Clinical Interview and Medical History: The specialist will conduct a detailed interview covering your current symptoms, developmental history (including childhood experiences), medical history, work and academic history, social relationships, and family history of mental health conditions.
- Behavioral Rating Scales: These are questionnaires designed to collect objective information about ADHD symptoms. You and sometimes someone who knows you well (like a partner or family member) will complete these scales. Examples include the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS).
- Diagnostic Interview: This structured interview involves specific questions related to the DSM-5 ADHD criteria. The specialist will explore the nature, severity, and impact of your symptoms on your daily life.
- Childhood History: Ideally, the specialist will gather information about your childhood symptoms. This may involve interviewing a parent, older sibling, or reviewing school records if available and relevant. Confirmation of childhood onset is a key DSM-5 criterion.
- Physical Examination: A physical exam may be conducted to rule out any underlying medical conditions that could be contributing to ADHD-like symptoms.
- Assessment for Co-existing Conditions: Mental health professionals will also assess for other conditions that commonly co-occur with ADHD, such as anxiety, depression, learning disabilities, and substance use disorders.
After completing the evaluation, your specialist will discuss the findings with you, explain whether you meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD, and discuss potential treatment options. In some cases, they may refer you to another specialist for specific treatment modalities.
Alt: A doctor and patient are engaged in a consultation, reviewing medical test results together in a bright office setting, symbolizing collaborative healthcare and diagnostic transparency.
7. Exploring ADHD Treatment Options: Managing and Thriving with ADHD
If you receive an ADHD diagnosis, understanding your treatment options is the crucial next step. ADHD is a manageable condition, and effective treatments can significantly improve your quality of life.
Common ADHD treatment approaches include:
- Medication: Medications are often a first-line treatment for adult ADHD.
- Stimulant Medications: These are typically the most effective and commonly prescribed medications for ADHD. They work by increasing the availability of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, improving focus and reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity. Stimulants are generally well-tolerated and effective for many adults.[4]
- Non-Stimulant Medications: These are alternative medications for individuals who don’t respond well to stimulants or experience intolerable side effects. They work differently than stimulants and can also be effective in managing ADHD symptoms. Non-stimulants may sometimes be used in combination with stimulants to enhance treatment effects.
- Psychotherapy (Talk Therapy): Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a particularly effective form of therapy for ADHD. CBT helps individuals develop coping mechanisms, manage symptoms, improve organizational skills, and address negative thought patterns associated with ADHD. Research shows CBT can also reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression often co-occurring with ADHD.[5] Other types of therapy, such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), can also be beneficial. Explore different ADHD therapies to find what suits you best.
- ADHD Coaching: ADHD coaches provide personalized support and strategies to help individuals manage daily life with ADHD. Coaches work with you to develop practical skills in areas like time management, organization, goal setting, prioritization, and improving self-esteem.
- Support Groups: Joining ADHD support groups offers a valuable opportunity to connect with others who understand the challenges of living with ADHD. Support groups provide a space for sharing experiences, gaining advice, and reducing feelings of isolation.
Working collaboratively with your doctor to develop a personalized treatment plan is essential. The right combination of treatments can significantly improve focus, organization, time management, and overall performance in work, school, and personal life. By effectively managing your ADHD, you can harness your strengths and lead a fulfilling life.
Diagnosis: A Transformative First Step
To gain deeper insight into your symptoms, consider taking ADDA’s ADHD test for adults. This self-assessment can help you identify potential ADHD indicators and guide your next steps.
The ultimate goal of ADHD diagnosis and treatment is to empower you to thrive in your daily life and achieve your full potential. With appropriate support, individuals with ADHD can achieve remarkable things. Seeking diagnosis and treatment is not just about managing challenges; it’s about unlocking your potential and paving a smoother, more successful path forward.
Take the first step towards positive change by reaching out to a healthcare professional you trust. Building a supportive community is also invaluable. With resources like ADDA+, you can navigate your ADHD journey with greater confidence and resilience.
References
[1] Song, P., Zha, M., Yang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Rudan, I. (2021). The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of global health, 11, 04009. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.11.04009
[2] Rivas-Vazquez, R. A., Diaz, S. G., Visser, M. M., & Rivas-Vazquez, A. A. (2023). Adult ADHD: Underdiagnosis of a Treatable Condition. Journal of health service psychology, 49(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42843-023-00077-w
[3] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016 Jun. Table 7, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Comparison. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t3/
[4] Geffen, J., & Forster, K. (2018). Treatment of adult ADHD: a clinical perspective. Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology, 8(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125317734977
[5] Anastopoulos, A. D., King, K. A., Besecker, L. H., O’Rourke, S. R., Bray, A. C., & Supple, A. J. (2018). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for College Students With ADHD: Temporal Stability of Improvements in Functioning Following Active Treatment. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(6), 108705471774993. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054717749932
