**How Much Are Postage Stamps Now? The Ultimate Guide**

Are you curious about How Much Are Postage Stamps Now? You’re not alone. Understanding the current cost of postage stamps is essential for mailing letters, postcards, and packages. This comprehensive guide, brought to you by HOW.EDU.VN, will provide you with the latest pricing information, explore the different types of stamps available, and offer tips on how to save money on postage. Stay informed and make the most of your mailing needs.

1. What is the Current Price of a Forever Stamp?

The current price of a Forever Stamp is $0.73. Forever Stamps are a popular choice because they can be used to mail a one-ounce letter regardless of when you buy them or if postage rates increase in the future. The Postal Service offers a variety of Forever Stamps with different designs, so you can choose one that reflects your personal style.

1.1 Understanding Forever Stamps

Forever Stamps are non-denominational postage stamps sold by the United States Postal Service (USPS). They were first introduced in 2007 with the Liberty Bell stamp, priced at 41 cents. The primary benefit of a Forever Stamp is that it remains valid for first-class postage regardless of any subsequent increases in postal rates.

1.2 Benefits of Using Forever Stamps

Convenience: You can buy them in advance and not worry about adding extra postage if rates go up.
Simplicity: They eliminate the need to purchase additional postage when rates increase.
Versatility: Suitable for mailing standard-sized letters.
Collectibility: Many designs are released each year, making them a popular item for stamp collectors.

1.3 How to Purchase Forever Stamps

Forever Stamps can be purchased through various channels:

USPS Retail Locations: Post offices nationwide.
Online: At the official USPS website or authorized retailers.
Vending Machines: Available at some post offices and retail locations.
Retail Stores: Grocery stores, pharmacies, and office supply stores.

2. What are the Different Types of Postage Stamps and Their Costs?

Besides Forever Stamps, the USPS offers a variety of other postage stamps to meet different mailing needs. Each type has a specific purpose and corresponding cost. Understanding these options can help you choose the right stamp for your mail.

2.1 First-Class Mail Stamps

First-Class Mail stamps are used for standard letters and lightweight packages. As of 2024, the price for a one-ounce First-Class Mail letter is $0.73. Additional ounces cost extra, so it’s essential to weigh your mail accurately to ensure proper postage.

2.1.1 Pricing Structure for First-Class Mail

First Ounce: $0.73
Each Additional Ounce: $0.24

2.2 Postcard Stamps

Postcard stamps are specifically designed for mailing postcards. They have a lower postage rate than standard letters. As of 2024, the price for a postcard stamp is $0.56.

2.3 International Stamps

International stamps are used for mailing letters and packages to foreign countries. The cost of international postage varies depending on the destination country and the weight of the mail. As of 2024, the price for a one-ounce international letter is $1.65.

2.4 Priority Mail Stamps

Priority Mail is a faster shipping option for packages. The price for Priority Mail varies depending on the weight, size, and destination of the package. Priority Mail includes tracking and insurance, making it a reliable option for sending important items.

2.5 Priority Mail Express Stamps

Priority Mail Express is the fastest shipping option offered by the USPS. It guarantees delivery within one to two business days. The price for Priority Mail Express is higher than other options, but it provides the fastest and most reliable service.

2.6 Additional Ounce Stamps

If your letter weighs more than one ounce, you’ll need to add extra postage. Additional ounce stamps are specifically designed for this purpose. Each additional ounce costs $0.24.

3. How Have Postage Stamp Prices Changed Over Time?

Postage stamp prices have changed significantly over the years due to inflation, operational costs, and service improvements. Understanding this historical context can provide insight into current pricing trends.

3.1 Historical Overview of Postage Rates

1847: The first U.S. postage stamps were issued, with rates of 5 cents and 10 cents.
1958: The rate for a first-class letter was 4 cents.
1971: The rate increased to 8 cents.
1991: The rate rose to 29 cents.
2007: The Forever Stamp was introduced at 41 cents.
2024: The current rate for a Forever Stamp is 73 cents.

3.2 Factors Influencing Postage Rate Changes

Inflation: As the cost of living increases, so do the operational costs of the USPS.
Fuel Costs: Transportation of mail is heavily dependent on fuel prices.
Labor Costs: Salaries and benefits for postal workers impact overall expenses.
Technological Advancements: Investments in technology to improve efficiency can also affect rates.
Decreasing Mail Volume: The decline in traditional mail has put pressure on the USPS to increase rates to maintain revenue.

4. Where Can You Buy Postage Stamps?

Purchasing postage stamps is convenient, with multiple options available both online and in physical locations.

4.1 Buying Stamps at the Post Office

The most traditional method is buying stamps at your local post office. Postal employees can assist you with selecting the right type and quantity of stamps for your needs.

4.2 Online Options for Purchasing Stamps

USPS Website: You can purchase stamps directly from the USPS website. This is a convenient option for buying a variety of stamps, including Forever Stamps, commemorative stamps, and international stamps.
Online Retailers: Many online retailers, such as Amazon and eBay, sell postage stamps. However, it’s important to ensure you are buying from a reputable seller to avoid counterfeit stamps.

4.3 Other Retail Locations Selling Stamps

Grocery Stores: Many grocery stores sell postage stamps at the customer service desk.
Pharmacies: Pharmacies like Walgreens and CVS often carry stamps.
Office Supply Stores: Stores like Staples and Office Depot sell stamps, along with other mailing supplies.
Vending Machines: Some locations have stamp vending machines available 24/7.

5. How to Save Money on Postage

While postage costs can add up, there are several strategies to minimize your expenses.

5.1 Tips for Reducing Postage Costs

Use Forever Stamps: Buying Forever Stamps ensures you won’t need to add extra postage if rates increase.
Consolidate Mail: Combine multiple documents into a single envelope when possible.
Use Online Services: Consider using online bill payment and digital communication to reduce the need for physical mail.
Weigh Your Mail: Accurately weigh your mail to avoid overpaying for postage.
Consider Media Mail: If you are sending books, media, or educational materials, Media Mail is a cost-effective option.

5.2 Understanding USPS Discounts

Bulk Mailing: If you send large volumes of mail, you may qualify for bulk mailing discounts.
Presorting: Sorting your mail by zip code before sending it to the post office can result in lower postage rates.
Nonprofit Rates: Nonprofit organizations may be eligible for reduced postage rates.

5.3 Alternatives to Traditional Mail

Email: Email is a free and efficient way to communicate.
E-cards: Send digital greeting cards instead of paper cards.
Online Bill Pay: Pay your bills online to avoid the cost of stamps and envelopes.

6. The Impact of Postage Rates on Businesses

Postage rates significantly impact businesses, especially those that rely heavily on direct mail marketing and shipping.

6.1 How Postage Costs Affect Business Operations

Marketing Budgets: Increased postage rates can reduce the reach of direct mail campaigns.
Shipping Expenses: Higher rates can increase the cost of shipping products to customers.
Customer Communication: Businesses may need to find alternative ways to communicate with customers to reduce postage costs.
Operational Costs: Overall operational costs can rise, affecting profitability.

6.2 Strategies for Businesses to Mitigate Postage Expenses

Optimize Mailing Lists: Keep mailing lists up-to-date to reduce undeliverable mail.
Negotiate with USPS: Large-volume mailers may be able to negotiate rates with the USPS.
Utilize Digital Marketing: Shift marketing efforts to digital channels to reduce reliance on direct mail.
Offer Free Shipping: Incorporate shipping costs into product prices to offer customers free shipping.

6.3 Case Studies of Businesses Adapting to Rate Changes

Retail Company: A retail company shifted its marketing strategy from direct mail to email marketing, resulting in significant cost savings.
E-commerce Business: An e-commerce business negotiated a bulk shipping rate with the USPS, reducing its shipping expenses.
Nonprofit Organization: A nonprofit organization utilized nonprofit postage rates and digital communication to minimize postage costs.

7. Future Trends in Postage and Mailing

The postal industry is constantly evolving due to technological advancements and changing consumer habits. Understanding future trends can help you prepare for upcoming changes.

7.1 Predictions for Future Postage Rate Changes

Continued Rate Increases: Experts predict that postage rates will continue to increase to offset rising operational costs.
Dynamic Pricing: The USPS may implement dynamic pricing models, where rates vary based on demand and other factors.
Focus on Package Delivery: With the growth of e-commerce, the USPS will likely focus on improving package delivery services.

7.2 Technological Innovations in the Postal Industry

Automation: Increased automation in sorting and delivery processes.
Digital Integration: Integration of digital technologies to enhance mail tracking and delivery.
Electric Vehicles: Transition to electric vehicles to reduce fuel costs and environmental impact.

7.3 The Role of E-commerce and Digital Communication

Growth of Package Delivery: E-commerce will continue to drive the growth of package delivery services.
Decline of Traditional Mail: Digital communication will further reduce the volume of traditional mail.
Hybrid Mail Solutions: Solutions that combine digital and physical mail, such as digitally printed and mailed documents.

8. How to Address Envelopes Correctly

Addressing envelopes correctly is crucial to ensure your mail is delivered promptly and accurately.

8.1 Guidelines for Addressing Envelopes

Recipient’s Address: Write the recipient’s full name, street address, city, state, and ZIP code in the center of the envelope.
Return Address: Include your full name and address in the upper left corner of the envelope.
Use Proper Formatting: Use clear, legible handwriting or printed labels.
Use Correct Abbreviations: Use standard USPS abbreviations for states and street types.

8.2 Common Mistakes to Avoid

Incorrect ZIP Code: Ensure the ZIP code is accurate and complete.
Illegible Handwriting: Write clearly to avoid misinterpretation.
Missing Return Address: Always include a return address in case the mail is undeliverable.
Using Old Envelopes: Make sure the address on the envelope is current and correct.

8.3 Tips for Ensuring Accurate Delivery

Use the USPS ZIP Code Lookup Tool: Verify the ZIP code for the recipient’s address.
Print Labels: Use printed labels for clear and professional addressing.
Double-Check Information: Review the address information before sending the mail.

9. Understanding USPS Regulations and Guidelines

The USPS has specific regulations and guidelines for mailing various items. Familiarizing yourself with these rules can help you avoid delays or issues with your mail.

9.1 Regulations for Mailing Different Types of Items

Hazardous Materials: Certain items, such as explosives and flammable liquids, are prohibited from being mailed.
Perishable Items: Perishable items, such as food, may be subject to specific packaging and shipping requirements.
Live Animals: Mailing live animals is generally prohibited, with limited exceptions.
Currency: Mailing currency is discouraged, and it’s recommended to use alternative methods, such as money orders.

9.2 Packaging Guidelines for Safe Mailing

Use Sturdy Packaging: Use sturdy boxes and envelopes to protect your items during transit.
Cushion Contents: Use packing materials, such as bubble wrap and packing peanuts, to cushion the contents of your package.
Seal Packages Securely: Use strong tape to seal packages securely.
Label Packages Clearly: Label packages clearly with the recipient’s address and a return address.

9.3 Resources for Staying Updated on USPS Policies

USPS Website: The USPS website provides detailed information on regulations, guidelines, and policies.
USPS Publications: The USPS publishes various guides and brochures on mailing requirements.
USPS Customer Service: Contact USPS customer service for assistance with specific questions or concerns.

10. Stamp Collecting as a Hobby

Stamp collecting, also known as philately, is a popular hobby enjoyed by people of all ages. It involves collecting and studying postage stamps and related items.

10.1 The Basics of Stamp Collecting

Gathering Stamps: Collect stamps from various sources, such as mail, friends, and stamp dealers.
Organizing Stamps: Organize stamps in albums or stock books based on country, theme, or other criteria.
Studying Stamps: Learn about the history, design, and production of stamps.
Trading Stamps: Exchange stamps with other collectors to expand your collection.

10.2 Types of Stamps to Collect

Commemorative Stamps: Stamps issued to commemorate historical events, people, or places.
Definitive Stamps: Regular-issue stamps used for everyday mailing.
Error Stamps: Stamps with printing errors or design flaws, which can be highly valuable.
Foreign Stamps: Stamps from other countries, which can offer a glimpse into different cultures and histories.

10.3 Resources for Stamp Collectors

Stamp Clubs: Join a local or national stamp club to connect with other collectors.
Stamp Shows: Attend stamp shows to buy, sell, and trade stamps.
Stamp Catalogs: Use stamp catalogs to identify and value stamps.
Online Forums: Participate in online forums and communities for stamp collectors.

11. The Environmental Impact of Mailing

Mailing practices can have a significant environmental impact, from the production of paper to the transportation of mail. Understanding these impacts can help you make more sustainable choices.

11.1 The Environmental Footprint of Traditional Mail

Paper Production: The production of paper for envelopes and mailings consumes natural resources and energy.
Transportation: The transportation of mail contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.
Waste Disposal: Unwanted mail can end up in landfills, contributing to waste disposal issues.

11.2 Sustainable Mailing Practices

Use Recycled Paper: Choose envelopes and paper made from recycled materials.
Reduce Unwanted Mail: Opt out of junk mail and catalogs.
Consolidate Mailings: Combine multiple documents into a single envelope.
Use Digital Alternatives: Utilize digital communication and online services to reduce the need for physical mail.

11.3 Initiatives by USPS to Reduce Environmental Impact

Recycling Programs: The USPS has implemented recycling programs to reduce waste.
Energy Efficiency: The USPS is investing in energy-efficient technologies and practices.
Alternative Fuel Vehicles: The USPS is transitioning to alternative fuel vehicles to reduce emissions.

12. How to File a Complaint with USPS

If you experience issues with your mail service, such as lost or damaged mail, you can file a complaint with the USPS.

12.1 Reasons for Filing a Complaint

Lost Mail: If your mail is lost or undelivered.
Damaged Mail: If your mail is damaged during transit.
Delayed Mail: If your mail is significantly delayed.
Poor Customer Service: If you experience poor customer service from USPS employees.

12.2 Steps for Filing a Complaint

Gather Information: Collect relevant information, such as tracking numbers, dates, and descriptions of the issue.
Contact USPS Customer Service: Contact USPS customer service by phone, email, or online.
File a Claim: File a claim for lost or damaged mail, if applicable.
Follow Up: Follow up on your complaint to ensure it is being addressed.

12.3 Resources for Resolving Mailing Issues

USPS Website: The USPS website provides information on filing complaints and resolving mailing issues.
USPS Customer Service: Contact USPS customer service for assistance.
Better Business Bureau: File a complaint with the Better Business Bureau if you are unable to resolve the issue with the USPS.

13. The Role of Commemorative Stamps in Honoring History and Culture

Commemorative stamps play a significant role in honoring historical events, people, and cultural achievements.

13.1 Examples of Notable Commemorative Stamps

Elvis Presley Stamp: Issued in 1993 to honor the King of Rock and Roll.
Martin Luther King Jr. Stamp: Issued in 1979 to honor the civil rights leader.
Lunar Landing Stamp: Issued in 1969 to commemorate the first moon landing.
Black Heritage Series: A series of stamps honoring prominent African Americans.

13.2 How Commemorative Stamps are Selected

Citizen Submissions: The USPS receives thousands of suggestions from citizens each year.
Citizens Stamp Advisory Committee: The Citizens Stamp Advisory Committee reviews the suggestions and makes recommendations to the Postmaster General.
Criteria for Selection: The committee considers the historical significance, cultural relevance, and artistic merit of the proposed subject.

13.3 The Impact of Commemorative Stamps on Public Awareness

Educational Value: Commemorative stamps educate the public about important events and people.
Cultural Promotion: Commemorative stamps promote cultural awareness and diversity.
Historical Preservation: Commemorative stamps preserve historical memory and legacy.

14. Common Mailing Scams and How to Avoid Them

Mailing scams are a serious issue, and it’s important to be aware of common scams and how to avoid them.

14.1 Types of Mailing Scams

Fake Lottery Scams: Scammers send letters claiming you have won a lottery and request payment for fees or taxes.
Sweepstakes Scams: Scammers send letters claiming you have won a sweepstakes and request payment for processing fees.
Phishing Scams: Scammers send emails or letters pretending to be legitimate organizations and request personal or financial information.
Chain Letters: Scammers send letters requesting you to send money to people on a list and add your name to the list.

14.2 Red Flags to Watch Out For

Requests for Money: Be wary of any mailing that requests money for fees, taxes, or processing charges.
Unsolicited Offers: Be suspicious of unsolicited offers or prizes.
Pressure Tactics: Be cautious of mailings that pressure you to act quickly.
Poor Grammar and Spelling: Be wary of mailings with poor grammar and spelling.

14.3 Steps to Protect Yourself

Never Send Money: Never send money to strangers or in response to unsolicited offers.
Protect Personal Information: Never provide personal or financial information to unknown sources.
Report Scams: Report suspected scams to the USPS and other relevant authorities.
Educate Yourself: Stay informed about common scams and how to avoid them.

15. Exploring the World of Metered Postage

Metered postage is an alternative to traditional postage stamps that can be particularly beneficial for businesses.

15.1 What is Metered Postage?

Metered postage involves using a postage meter or online postage service to print postage directly onto envelopes or labels.

15.2 Benefits of Using Metered Postage

Convenience: Metered postage eliminates the need to buy and affix stamps.
Accuracy: Postage meters calculate the exact postage required for each piece of mail.
Professional Appearance: Metered postage can give your mail a more professional appearance.
Cost Savings: Some postage meters offer discounts on postage rates.

15.3 How to Get Started with Metered Postage

Choose a Provider: Select a reputable postage meter or online postage service provider.
Set Up an Account: Create an account and fund it with sufficient postage.
Print Postage: Print postage directly onto envelopes or labels using the meter or online service.
Mail Your Items: Mail your items at the post office or drop them in a USPS mailbox.

16. The Impact of COVID-19 on Postal Services

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on postal services worldwide, including the USPS.

16.1 Changes in Mail Volume and Delivery

Increased Package Volume: The pandemic led to a surge in online shopping, resulting in increased package volume.
Decreased Letter Volume: Traditional letter volume declined as more people communicated digitally.
Delivery Delays: The pandemic caused delivery delays due to staffing shortages and logistical challenges.

16.2 Safety Measures Implemented by USPS

Social Distancing: The USPS implemented social distancing measures to protect employees and customers.
Mask Mandates: The USPS required employees to wear masks.
Enhanced Cleaning: The USPS increased cleaning and sanitation efforts.
Contactless Delivery: The USPS offered contactless delivery options to reduce the risk of transmission.

16.3 Long-Term Effects on the Postal Industry

Accelerated Digital Transformation: The pandemic accelerated the shift towards digital communication and online services.
Increased Focus on Package Delivery: The USPS is likely to continue focusing on improving package delivery services.
Operational Changes: The USPS may implement long-term operational changes to adapt to the new normal.

17. Understanding Priority Mail Options

Priority Mail offers a faster and more reliable shipping option compared to First-Class Mail.

17.1 Types of Priority Mail Services

Priority Mail: A cost-effective option for shipping packages within 1-3 business days.
Priority Mail Express: The fastest shipping option, guaranteeing delivery within 1-2 business days.
Priority Mail Flat Rate: A convenient option for shipping items in USPS-provided flat rate boxes.

17.2 Benefits of Using Priority Mail

Faster Delivery: Priority Mail offers faster delivery times compared to First-Class Mail.
Tracking and Insurance: Priority Mail includes tracking and insurance coverage.
Flat Rate Options: Priority Mail Flat Rate boxes provide a convenient and cost-effective shipping solution.
Reliability: Priority Mail is a reliable option for sending important items.

17.3 How to Choose the Right Priority Mail Option

Consider Delivery Time: Choose Priority Mail Express for the fastest delivery, or Priority Mail for a balance of speed and cost.
Evaluate Package Size and Weight: Use Priority Mail Flat Rate boxes for items that fit, or calculate the cost based on weight and dimensions.
Assess Insurance Needs: Determine the value of your items and choose the appropriate level of insurance coverage.

18. Tips for Mailing During the Holiday Season

The holiday season is a busy time for the USPS, and it’s important to plan ahead to ensure your mail arrives on time.

18.1 Planning Ahead for Holiday Mail

Mail Early: Mail your holiday cards and packages early to avoid delays.
Use Priority Mail: Use Priority Mail for faster and more reliable delivery.
Package Items Securely: Package items securely to protect them during transit.
Label Packages Clearly: Label packages clearly with the recipient’s address and a return address.

18.2 Holiday Mailing Deadlines

USPS Retail Ground: December 14
First-Class Mail: December 19
Priority Mail: December 20
Priority Mail Express: December 22

18.3 Tips for Avoiding Holiday Mailing Delays

Avoid Peak Shipping Days: Avoid shipping on Mondays and Tuesdays, which are typically the busiest days for the USPS.
Use Online Services: Use online services to print labels and schedule pickups.
Track Your Packages: Track your packages online to monitor their progress.

19. The Future of Stamp Design

Stamp design is constantly evolving, reflecting changes in art, culture, and technology.

19.1 Trends in Stamp Design

Digital Art: Use of digital art and design techniques.
3D Stamps: Introduction of three-dimensional stamps.
Interactive Stamps: Stamps with interactive elements, such as QR codes.
Personalized Stamps: Stamps that can be personalized with photos or messages.

19.2 Influences on Stamp Design

Art Movements: Influences from various art movements, such as modernism and pop art.
Cultural Trends: Reflection of cultural trends and social issues.
Technological Advancements: Use of new technologies to create innovative stamp designs.

19.3 The Role of Artists in Stamp Design

Commissioning Artists: The USPS commissions artists to design stamps.
Creative Process: Artists collaborate with the USPS to develop stamp designs.
Artistic Expression: Artists use stamps as a medium for artistic expression.

20. Understanding International Mailing Options

Mailing items internationally requires understanding the different options available and the specific requirements for each country.

20.1 Types of International Mailing Services

Global Express Guaranteed: The fastest international shipping option, with guaranteed delivery times.
Priority Mail Express International: A fast and reliable international shipping option.
Priority Mail International: A cost-effective option for shipping packages internationally.
First-Class Package International Service: An affordable option for sending small packages internationally.

20.2 Factors Affecting International Shipping Costs

Destination Country: Shipping costs vary depending on the destination country.
Weight and Size: Shipping costs are based on the weight and size of the package.
Service Type: Shipping costs vary depending on the service type selected.
Customs Duties and Taxes: International shipments may be subject to customs duties and taxes.

20.3 Tips for Successful International Mailing

Use Proper Packaging: Use sturdy packaging to protect your items during transit.
Complete Customs Forms: Complete customs forms accurately and completely.
Label Packages Clearly: Label packages clearly with the recipient’s address and a return address.
Track Your Packages: Track your packages online to monitor their progress.

Navigating the world of postage stamps and mailing services can be complex, but with the right information, you can make informed decisions and save money on your mailing needs. Whether you are sending a simple letter or shipping a package internationally, understanding the current postage rates, different types of stamps, and USPS regulations will help you ensure your mail arrives safely and on time.

Are you looking for expert advice on managing your business’s mailing and shipping needs? Do you need help optimizing your marketing strategies to reduce postage costs? Contact the experienced PhDs at HOW.EDU.VN for personalized consulting services. We can help you navigate the complexities of the postal system and develop effective strategies to save time and money. Reach out to us today at 456 Expertise Plaza, Consult City, CA 90210, United States, or call us at Whatsapp: +1 (310) 555-1212. Visit our website at how.edu.vn to learn more about our services.

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About Postage Stamps

Q1: How much does it cost to mail a letter in 2024?

The cost to mail a one-ounce letter in 2024 is $0.73 using a Forever Stamp.

Q2: What is a Forever Stamp, and why should I use it?

A Forever Stamp can be used to mail a one-ounce letter regardless of future postage rate increases, offering convenience and long-term value.

Q3: How much is a postcard stamp in 2024?

A postcard stamp costs $0.56 in 2024.

Q4: How much does it cost to mail a letter internationally?

The cost to mail a one-ounce letter internationally is $1.65.

Q5: Where can I buy postage stamps?

You can buy postage stamps at USPS retail locations, online at the USPS website, and at various retail stores like grocery stores and pharmacies.

Q6: How can I save money on postage?

To save money on postage, use Forever Stamps, consolidate mail, use online services, weigh your mail accurately, and consider Media Mail for books and educational materials.

Q7: What is metered postage, and is it beneficial for businesses?

Metered postage involves using a postage meter or online postage service to print postage, offering convenience, accuracy, and potential cost savings for businesses.

Q8: How do I address an envelope correctly?

Address the envelope with the recipient’s full name, street address, city, state, and ZIP code in the center, and include your return address in the upper left corner.

Q9: What should I do if my mail is lost or damaged?

If your mail is lost or damaged, file a complaint with USPS customer service and submit a claim if necessary.

Q10: How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected postal services?

The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased package volume, decreased letter volume, delivery delays, and the implementation of safety measures like social distancing and contactless delivery.