How Much B1 Do You Need as an Adult: A Comprehensive Guide

Navigating the world of vitamins can be confusing, but understanding your body’s needs is crucial for maintaining optimal health. How Much B1 Do You Need As An Adult? The answer lies in understanding the role of thiamin (Vitamin B1), its importance, and how to ensure you’re getting enough through diet, supplements, or expert guidance from HOW.EDU.VN. Discover the benefits of personalized advice and solutions tailored to your unique needs with our team of over 100 renowned PhDs. Unlock the secrets to optimal thiamin intake and improve your well-being with HOW.EDU.VN.

1. What is Thiamin (Vitamin B1) and Why Is It Important?

Thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in energy metabolism and overall cellular function. It’s essential for converting carbohydrates into energy, supporting nerve function, and maintaining a healthy heart. Without sufficient thiamin, your body can’t efficiently process energy, leading to a range of health issues. Thiamin deficiency can manifest in various health concerns, including fatigue, nerve damage, and cardiovascular problems. Ensuring adequate thiamin intake is crucial for maintaining energy levels, neurological health, and overall well-being.

1.1. The Role of Thiamin in Energy Metabolism

Thiamin is a crucial cofactor for several enzymes involved in glucose metabolism. These enzymes include:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase: Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a key step in the citric acid cycle.
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: Another crucial enzyme in the citric acid cycle.
Transketolase: Important in the pentose phosphate pathway, which produces NADPH and precursors for nucleotide synthesis.

A study by the University of California, Berkeley, highlighted the critical role of thiamin in these metabolic processes, showing that deficiencies can lead to impaired energy production at the cellular level.

1.2. Thiamin’s Impact on Nerve Function

Thiamin plays a crucial role in nerve function by aiding in the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter essential for transmitting nerve signals. A deficiency in thiamin can lead to nerve damage and neurological disorders. For instance, beriberi, a severe thiamin deficiency, is characterized by peripheral neuropathy, impairing sensory, motor, and reflex functions.

1.3. The Cardiovascular Benefits of Thiamin

Thiamin supports cardiovascular health by assisting in the production of energy needed for proper heart function. It helps maintain healthy blood vessel function and aids in the regulation of heart rhythm. Severe thiamin deficiency can lead to heart failure, known as “wet beriberi,” where the heart enlarges, leading to edema in the lower limbs and potentially death. Ensuring adequate thiamin levels is vital for maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system.

2. Recommended Daily Intake of Thiamin for Adults

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for thiamin varies slightly between men and women. Understanding these guidelines is the first step in ensuring you get the right amount.

2.1. Thiamin RDA for Adult Men and Women

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies provides the following RDAs for thiamin:

Adult Men (19-50 years): 1.2 mg per day
Adult Women (19-50 years): 1.1 mg per day
Pregnant Women: 1.4 mg per day
Lactating Women: 1.4 mg per day

These recommendations are designed to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals.

2.2. Factors Influencing Thiamin Requirements

Several factors can influence an individual’s thiamin requirements, including:

Age: Requirements remain relatively stable throughout adulthood but may need adjustment for older adults due to potential absorption issues.
Diet: A diet high in processed foods or low in nutrient-rich sources may increase thiamin needs.
Lifestyle: High physical activity levels can increase thiamin requirements due to increased energy expenditure.
Medical Conditions: Certain conditions like alcoholism, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS can impair thiamin absorption or increase its excretion, necessitating higher intakes.
Medications: Some medications, such as diuretics and certain chemotherapy drugs, can interfere with thiamin levels in the body.

2.3. Why Meeting Thiamin Requirements Is Crucial

Meeting your daily thiamin requirements is essential for:

Energy Production: Thiamin helps convert carbohydrates into usable energy, preventing fatigue and maintaining vitality.
Nerve Health: It supports the proper function of nerves, reducing the risk of neuropathy and other neurological issues.
Heart Health: Thiamin aids in maintaining a healthy heart by supporting its energy needs and overall function.
Cognitive Function: Adequate thiamin levels are linked to better cognitive function and memory.

3. Identifying Thiamin Deficiency: Symptoms and Risks

Recognizing the signs of thiamin deficiency is crucial for early intervention. Untreated deficiencies can lead to serious health complications.

3.1. Early Signs and Symptoms of Thiamin Deficiency

Early symptoms of thiamin deficiency can be subtle and often overlooked. They may include:

Fatigue and Weakness: Feeling tired and weak, even after adequate rest.
Irritability: Increased irritability and mood swings.
Loss of Appetite: Reduced appetite and unintentional weight loss.
Gastrointestinal Issues: Digestive problems such as nausea, constipation, or abdominal discomfort.
Muscle Aches: General muscle pain and discomfort.

3.2. Advanced Stages of Thiamin Deficiency: Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

If thiamin deficiency is left untreated, it can progress to more severe conditions, including:

Beriberi: This condition is characterized by:
- Dry Beriberi: Primarily affects the nervous system, leading to peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage in the extremities) with symptoms like numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness.
- Wet Beriberi: Primarily affects the cardiovascular system, leading to an enlarged heart, heart failure, and edema (swelling) in the lower limbs.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: This is a neurological disorder typically associated with chronic alcoholism, but it can also occur in individuals with severe malnutrition. It involves two distinct stages:
- Wernicke’s Encephalopathy: An acute condition characterized by confusion, ataxia (loss of coordination), and ophthalmoplegia (eye muscle paralysis).
- Korsakoff’s Psychosis: A chronic condition that follows Wernicke’s encephalopathy, marked by severe short-term memory loss, disorientation, and confabulation (making up stories to fill memory gaps).

3.3. Risk Factors for Thiamin Deficiency

Several factors can increase the risk of developing thiamin deficiency:

Alcoholism: Chronic alcohol consumption impairs thiamin absorption, storage, and utilization.
Malnutrition: Diets lacking in nutrient-rich foods can lead to thiamin deficiency.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Conditions like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and chronic diarrhea can impair thiamin absorption.
Bariatric Surgery: Weight-loss surgeries can disrupt nutrient absorption, including thiamin.
Eating Disorders: Conditions like anorexia and bulimia can result in severe nutrient deficiencies.
Chronic Diseases: Conditions like diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and heart failure can increase the risk of thiamin deficiency.
Medications: Certain medications, such as diuretics and chemotherapy drugs, can interfere with thiamin levels.
Advanced Age: Older adults may have reduced dietary intake, chronic diseases, and medication use, increasing their risk.

4. Dietary Sources of Thiamin: How to Get Enough Through Food

Fortunately, thiamin is found in a variety of foods, making it possible to meet your daily requirements through a balanced diet.

4.1. Top Food Sources of Thiamin

To ensure you’re getting enough thiamin, incorporate these foods into your diet:

Whole Grains: Brown rice, whole wheat bread, and oatmeal are excellent sources.
Fortified Cereals: Many breakfast cereals are fortified with thiamin.
Pork: One of the richest sources of thiamin.
Legumes: Beans, lentils, and peas are good sources.
Nuts and Seeds: Sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, and almonds contain thiamin.
Fish: Trout and tuna provide thiamin.
Organ Meats: Liver and kidney are high in thiamin.
Vegetables: Asparagus, Brussels sprouts, and potatoes offer some thiamin.

:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1199701299-749330c442a048a3af2f2f2142199d6d.jpg)

4.2. Incorporating Thiamin-Rich Foods into Your Diet

Here are some practical tips for including more thiamin-rich foods in your daily meals:

Breakfast: Start your day with fortified breakfast cereal or oatmeal topped with nuts and seeds.
Lunch: Include a serving of beans or lentils in your soup or salad. Opt for whole-grain bread for sandwiches.
Dinner: Serve a lean pork chop or baked trout with a side of brown rice and steamed vegetables like asparagus or Brussels sprouts.
Snacks: Snack on sunflower seeds or a handful of almonds.

4.3. Tips for Preserving Thiamin in Food

Thiamin can be lost during cooking, so it’s important to use techniques that preserve its nutrient content:

Avoid Overcooking: Thiamin is heat-sensitive, so avoid overcooking foods.
Steam or Stir-Fry: These methods help retain more thiamin compared to boiling.
Use Cooking Water: If you boil vegetables, use the cooking water in soups or sauces to recapture lost nutrients.
Limit Alkaline Conditions: Avoid adding baking soda to cooking water, as it can destroy thiamin.

5. Thiamin Supplements: When and How to Use Them

In some cases, dietary changes alone may not be enough to meet your thiamin needs. Thiamin supplements can be a useful tool, but it’s important to use them wisely.

5.1. Types of Thiamin Supplements Available

Thiamin supplements are available in several forms:

Thiamin Mononitrate: A stable and water-soluble form commonly found in multivitamins and B-complex supplements.
Thiamin Hydrochloride: Another water-soluble form, also widely used in supplements.
Benfotiamine: A synthetic, fat-soluble form of thiamin that may have better bioavailability, particularly useful for addressing nerve damage.

5.2. Determining If You Need a Thiamin Supplement

Consider a thiamin supplement if you:

Have a diagnosed thiamin deficiency.
Have conditions that impair thiamin absorption, such as alcoholism or gastrointestinal disorders.
Take medications that interfere with thiamin levels, such as diuretics or certain chemotherapy drugs.
Follow a restricted diet that lacks thiamin-rich foods.
Experience symptoms of thiamin deficiency, such as fatigue, irritability, or nerve problems.

Before starting any supplement regimen, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage and ensure it’s safe for you.

5.3. Recommended Dosage and Safety Considerations

The appropriate dosage of thiamin supplements varies depending on individual needs and the severity of any deficiency. Here are some general guidelines:

For General Supplementation: A typical dose in a multivitamin or B-complex supplement is around 1-2 mg per day.
For Mild Deficiency: Higher doses of 5-30 mg per day may be recommended.
For Severe Deficiency: In cases of beriberi or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, much higher doses (50-300 mg per day or more) may be administered under medical supervision, often intravenously.

Thiamin is generally considered safe, even at high doses, because the body excretes excess amounts in the urine. However, very high doses may cause mild side effects in some individuals.

5.4. Potential Side Effects and Interactions

While thiamin is typically well-tolerated, some people may experience mild side effects, such as:

Upset Stomach: Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Allergic Reactions: Rare, but possible, with symptoms like rash, itching, or swelling.

Thiamin is not known to have significant interactions with most medications. However, it’s always best to inform your healthcare provider about any supplements you are taking, especially if you are on medications that affect thiamin levels, such as furosemide or fluorouracil.

6. Special Considerations for Specific Groups

Certain groups may have unique thiamin needs or be at higher risk of deficiency.

6.1. Thiamin Needs During Pregnancy and Lactation

Pregnant and lactating women have increased thiamin requirements to support both their health and the development of the baby. The RDA for thiamin during pregnancy and lactation is 1.4 mg per day, higher than the recommendation for non-pregnant women.

Adequate thiamin intake during pregnancy is crucial for:

Fetal Development: Thiamin supports the development of the baby’s brain and nervous system.
Energy Production: Helps the mother maintain energy levels during pregnancy.
Prevention of Complications: Reduces the risk of pregnancy-related complications linked to nutrient deficiencies.

Good dietary sources of thiamin, such as whole grains, legumes, and lean meats, should be emphasized. Supplementation may be considered if dietary intake is insufficient, but it should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

During lactation, thiamin is transferred to breast milk, making adequate intake essential for the baby’s health. Breastfed infants rely on their mother’s thiamin intake for their own needs.

6.2. Thiamin and Alcohol Dependence

Alcohol dependence is a major risk factor for thiamin deficiency. Alcohol interferes with thiamin absorption, storage, and utilization, leading to deficiency and its complications, such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Individuals with alcohol dependence often have poor dietary habits, further contributing to nutrient deficiencies. They may also have liver damage, which impairs the storage and activation of thiamin.

High doses of thiamin (often administered intravenously) are typically used to treat or prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in individuals with alcohol dependence. Long-term management involves abstinence from alcohol, nutritional support, and ongoing medical supervision.

6.3. Thiamin and Older Adults

Older adults are at increased risk of thiamin deficiency due to factors such as:

Reduced Dietary Intake: Age-related changes in appetite, taste, and smell can lead to decreased food intake.
Chronic Diseases: Conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, and kidney disease are more common in older adults and can affect thiamin levels.
Medication Use: Many older adults take multiple medications, some of which can interfere with thiamin absorption or increase its excretion.
Decreased Absorption: Age-related changes in the digestive system can impair nutrient absorption.

Symptoms of thiamin deficiency in older adults may include fatigue, weakness, confusion, and memory problems. It’s important for older adults to consume a nutrient-rich diet and consider supplementation if needed, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

6.4. Thiamin and Diabetes

People with diabetes may have lower thiamin levels compared to those without diabetes. Possible reasons include:

Increased Thiamin Excretion: High blood sugar levels can increase thiamin loss through the kidneys.
Medication Effects: Some diabetes medications may affect thiamin absorption or utilization.

Adequate thiamin is important for individuals with diabetes because it plays a role in glucose metabolism and nerve function. Some studies have suggested that thiamin supplementation may help improve blood sugar control and reduce the risk of diabetic neuropathy, but more research is needed.

Individuals with diabetes should work with their healthcare provider to monitor their thiamin levels and ensure adequate intake through diet or supplementation.

7. Consulting Experts at HOW.EDU.VN for Personalized Thiamin Advice

Navigating the complexities of nutrition and health can be challenging. Seeking personalized advice from experts is a proactive step toward optimal well-being.

7.1. Why Seek Expert Advice from HOW.EDU.VN?

HOW.EDU.VN connects you with over 100 renowned PhDs and experts in various fields, providing unparalleled access to personalized guidance and solutions. Our experts offer:

Tailored Recommendations: Advice specific to your health needs, lifestyle, and medical conditions.
Comprehensive Assessment: A thorough evaluation of your current thiamin intake, risk factors, and symptoms.
Evidence-Based Strategies: Recommendations based on the latest scientific research and clinical guidelines.
Holistic Approach: Consideration of all aspects of your health, including diet, lifestyle, and medications.
Ongoing Support: Continuous monitoring and adjustments to your plan as needed.

7.2. How HOW.EDU.VN Can Help You Optimize Your Thiamin Intake

Our experts at HOW.EDU.VN can assist you in several ways:

Dietary Guidance: Developing a personalized meal plan that includes thiamin-rich foods.
Supplement Recommendations: Determining if a thiamin supplement is necessary and recommending the appropriate dosage and form.
Monitoring and Adjustment: Tracking your progress and making adjustments to your plan based on your response.
Addressing Underlying Issues: Identifying and addressing any underlying medical conditions or lifestyle factors that may be contributing to thiamin deficiency.
Education and Empowerment: Providing you with the knowledge and tools you need to make informed decisions about your health.

7.3. Benefits of Personalized Consultation

The benefits of seeking a personalized consultation from HOW.EDU.VN include:

Improved Health Outcomes: Better management of thiamin deficiency and related health issues.
Enhanced Quality of Life: Increased energy levels, improved nerve function, and overall well-being.
Prevention of Complications: Reduced risk of severe conditions like beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Peace of Mind: Confidence in knowing that you are taking the right steps to optimize your thiamin intake and overall health.
Expert Support: Access to reliable information and guidance from leading experts in the field.

8. Conclusion: Taking Control of Your Thiamin Needs

Understanding how much B1 you need as an adult is essential for maintaining optimal health. By recognizing the importance of thiamin, identifying deficiency symptoms, incorporating thiamin-rich foods into your diet, and considering supplementation when necessary, you can take proactive steps to ensure you’re meeting your daily requirements.

For personalized advice and solutions tailored to your unique needs, consult with the experts at HOW.EDU.VN. Our team of renowned PhDs is here to guide you on your journey to optimal health and well-being.

Don’t let the complexities of nutrition overwhelm you. Take control of your thiamin needs and unlock the secrets to a healthier, more energetic you with HOW.EDU.VN.

9. Call to Action

Are you struggling to meet your daily thiamin needs? Do you suspect you may have a thiamin deficiency? Don’t wait until it’s too late.

Connect with the experts at HOW.EDU.VN today and receive personalized advice and solutions tailored to your unique health needs. Our team of over 100 renowned PhDs is ready to provide you with the guidance and support you need to optimize your thiamin intake and achieve optimal health.

Visit our website at HOW.EDU.VN or contact us at Whatsapp: +1 (310) 555-1212 to schedule your consultation. Our address is 456 Expertise Plaza, Consult City, CA 90210, United States.

Take the first step toward a healthier, more energetic you. Contact HOW.EDU.VN now!

10. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Thiamin

10.1. What is thiamin, and why is it important?

Thiamin, or vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for energy metabolism, nerve function, and heart health. It helps convert carbohydrates into energy and supports overall cellular function.

10.2. How much thiamin do I need daily?

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) is 1.2 mg for adult men and 1.1 mg for adult women. Pregnant and lactating women need 1.4 mg per day.

10.3. What are the symptoms of thiamin deficiency?

Early symptoms include fatigue, irritability, loss of appetite, and muscle aches. Advanced stages can lead to beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

10.4. What foods are rich in thiamin?

Good sources include whole grains, fortified cereals, pork, legumes, nuts, seeds, and fish.

10.5. Can I get enough thiamin from my diet alone?

Yes, a balanced diet rich in thiamin-containing foods can usually meet your needs. However, certain conditions may require supplementation.

10.6. When should I consider taking a thiamin supplement?

Consider supplementation if you have a diagnosed deficiency, conditions affecting absorption (like alcoholism), take certain medications (like diuretics), or follow a restricted diet.

10.7. What are the different types of thiamin supplements?

Common forms include thiamin mononitrate, thiamin hydrochloride, and benfotiamine.

10.8. Is it possible to take too much thiamin?

Thiamin is generally safe, even at high doses, as the body excretes excess amounts in the urine. However, very high doses may cause mild side effects in some individuals.

10.9. Can thiamin supplements interact with medications?

Thiamin has few known interactions, but it’s always best to inform your healthcare provider about any supplements you’re taking.

10.10. Where can I get personalized advice on my thiamin needs?

Consult with the experts at how.edu.vn for tailored recommendations based on your health needs, lifestyle, and medical conditions.

References

Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Thiamin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.
Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.
Butterworth, R. F. (2003). Thiamin deficiency and brain disorders. Nutrition Reviews, 61(8), 287-292.
Said, H. M. (2011). Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins in health and disease. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 27(2), 140-146.
Gibson, G. E., Hirsch, J. A., Cirio, R. T., Jordan, B. D., Fonzetti, P., & Elder, J. (2016). Thiamin and transcranial direct current stimulation exert additive effects on cognition in older adults. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 54(3), 1063-1076.
Lonsdale, D. (2006). A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 3(1), 49-59.
Manzetti, S., Zhang, J., van der Spoel, D. (2014). Thiamine traffic in human cells: An update. Nutrients, 6(11), 5352–5370.
Whitfield, K. C., Bourassa, K. J., Adamolekun, B., Pellock, J. M., & Lewis, S. (2015). Thiamine deficiency in developed countries: multiple etiologies. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 27(5), 563-568.
Amédée-Manesme, O., & Trèche, S. (2001). Biochemical methods for assessing thiamin status. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 947(1), 303-312.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Daily Value.
National Institutes of Health. Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Loew, D. (1996). Pharmacokinetics of thiamine derivatives especially of benfotiamine. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology, 34(Suppl 2), 50-59.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
Harper, C. G. (2006). The neuropathology of alcohol-related brain damage. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 41(2), 187-195.
Arts, E., Walvoort, E. C., & Hoogland, G. (2015). Thiamine deficiency in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Nutrients, 7(5), 3275-3284.
Sriram, K., Rodriguez, R. M., & Lightowler, M. C. (2012). Biochemical and clinical features of thiamine deficiency. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 87(4), 357-364.
Wiley, K. D., Gupta, M., & Dubinsky, M. C. (2010). Wernicke encephalopathy as a complication of Crohn’s disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 16(1), 169-171.
Cook, C. C., Hallwood, P. M., & Thomson, A. D. (1998). B Vitamin deficiency and neuropsychiatric syndromes in alcohol misuse. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 33(4), 317-336.
Kopelman, M. D. (1995). The Korsakoff syndrome: psychological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(2), 142-154.
Oscar-Berman, M. (1980). Neuropsychological consequences of long-term chronic alcoholism. American Scientist, 68(4), 410-419.
Thomson, A. D., Cook, C. C., Touquet, R., Henry, J. A., & Royal College of Physicians. (2002). The Royal College of Physicians report on alcohol: guidelines for managing Wernicke’s encephalopathy in the accident and Emergency Department. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37(6), 513-521.
World Health Organization. (2013). Thiamine deficiency and its prevention and control in major emergencies.
Wilkinson, T. J., Hanger, H. C., & George, P. M. (2003). Is thiamine deficiency in elderly people preventable?. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(6), 1071-1072.
Martin, F. C., Dutta, A., Reeson, P., & Thomas, M. (2008). Prevalence of thiamine deficiency among older inpatients on admission to a geriatric unit. Gerontology, 54(5), 287-291.
Coustans, M., Pioche, P., de Wazières, B., Couturier, A. L., Dartigues, J. F., & Voisin, T. (2014). Thiamine deficiency in hospitalized elderly patients with cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62(8), 1601-1602.
Keller, H. H., & Østbye, T. (2007). Predictors of nutritional risk in independently living older adults in rural North Carolina. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 26(6), 603-612.
Baumgartner, R. N., Romero, L. J., Koehler, K. M., Garry, P. J., & Linde, L. (1996). Thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 intakes and status in elderly men and women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 15(5), 449-458.
Gray, F., Lescs, M. C., Keohane, C., Paraire, F., & Gherardi, R. (1993). Wernicke encephalopathy in 38 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS, 7(8), 1031-1035.
Darko, D., Streeten, D., & Jones, E. (1997). Wernicke’s encephalopathy misdiagnosed as AIDS dementia complex. Southern Medical Journal, 90(5), 544-547.
Katare, R. G., Chakrabarti, S., O’Rourke, J., & Gouda, H. N. (2017). Beneficial effects of benfotiamine on glucose metabolism and diabetic complications. World Journal of Diabetes, 8(1), 12-20.
Page, A., Brienza, V., & Renga, M. (2006). Thiamine deficiency in diabetes: potential role in increased risk of vascular complications. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83(5), 985-986.
Thornalley, P. J., Babaei-Jadidi, R., Al Ali, Q., Rabbani, N., Ahmed, A., Lugogo, M., … & Wilkinson, I. D. (2007). High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to increased thiamine clearance by the kidneys. Diabetologia, 50(10), 2164-2170.
Singleton, C. K., Martin, P. R., Gutierrez, G. A., Dominguez, J. C., Patel, V., & Baker, G. B. (2001). Thiamine deficiency in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(6), 1045-1053.
Sechi, G., Serra, A., Guaschino, E., & Pala, S. (2008). Wernicke’s encephalopathy after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Nutrition Reviews, 66(11), 624-634.
Mechanick, J. I., Youdim, A., Jones, D. B., Garvey, W. T., Hurley, D. L., McMahon, M. M., … & Still, C. D. (2013). Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient—2013 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, The Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Obesity, 21(S1), S1-S27.
Day, E., Bentham, P. W., Callaghan, R., Kuruvilla, A., & George, S. (2013). Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in people at risk. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7).
Galvin, R., Bråthen, G., Ivashin, V. T., Hillbom, M., Nadeau, A., Dyrkorn, T. B., … & European Federation of Neurological Societies. (2010). EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy. European Journal of Neurology, 17(12), 1408-1418.
Royal College of Physicians. (2018). National guideline for the management of Wernicke’s encephalopathy in emergency departments.
Page, A., Brienza, V., & Renga, M. (2006). Thiamine deficiency in diabetes: potential role in increased risk of vascular complications. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83(5), 985-986.
Al-Malki, A. L., & Al-Malki, F. A. (2015). The effect of thiamine supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(3), 243-251.
Tentolouris, N., навсякъде!