How Much is Car Registration in California? A Comprehensive Guide

Determining how much is car registration in California can be complex, but this comprehensive guide provides clarity. Understanding California car registration fees is crucial for all vehicle owners. With insights from HOW.EDU.VN, navigate the costs associated with registering your vehicle and ensure compliance with state regulations, avoiding potential penalties.

1. Understanding California Car Registration Fees

California’s vehicle registration system involves various fees, making it essential to understand each component. These fees contribute to maintaining roads, funding the California Highway Patrol (CHP), and supporting local transportation improvements. The specific amount you’ll pay depends on several factors related to your vehicle and location. Let’s delve into these factors to give you a clear picture of what to expect. Understanding these factors will enable you to estimate your registration costs accurately and budget accordingly. If you need more detailed insights and personalized guidance, consider consulting the experts at HOW.EDU.VN for assistance tailored to your specific situation.

2. Factors Affecting Car Registration Costs

Several factors influence the final cost of car registration in California. These include vehicle type, purchase price, location, weight, and any special license plates.

2.1. Vehicle Type

The type of vehicle you own significantly impacts your registration fees. Different categories such as automobiles, motorcycles, commercial vehicles, and trailers have distinct fee structures.

2.2. Vehicle’s Purchase Price or Declared Value

The vehicle’s purchase price or declared value plays a critical role in determining the Vehicle License Fee (VLF). This fee is a percentage of the vehicle’s value and decreases over the first 11 years of the vehicle’s life.

2.3. Dates

The dates of purchase or when the vehicle entered California affect the fees. New vehicles and those being registered for the first time in California may have different fee structures compared to renewals.

2.4. Location

Your city and/or county of residence or business location also influences the registration fees. Some counties and districts have additional fees for transportation improvements and other local projects.

2.5. Unladen or Declared Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)

The unladen weight or declared Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) and the number of axles your vehicle has impacts registration costs, especially for commercial vehicles. Heavier vehicles typically incur higher fees due to their greater impact on road maintenance.

2.6. Special License Plates

If you opt for special license plates, such as personalized or specialty plates, you’ll incur additional fees. These plates often support specific causes or organizations.

2.7. Unpaid Violations

Any unpaid parking violations or toll evasion bail associated with the vehicle must be resolved before registration renewal, adding to the overall cost.

Navigating these factors can be daunting, but the experts at HOW.EDU.VN can provide clarity and guidance. We connect you with seasoned professionals who understand the intricacies of California’s DMV regulations.

3. Common Fees Included in Car Registration

When registering your vehicle for on-highway use in California, several fees are typically included. Here’s a breakdown of the most common ones:

3.1. Registration Fee

This is a standard fee charged for registering your vehicle and maintaining its records with the DMV. As of recent updates, the registration fee is $74.

3.2. California Highway Patrol (CHP) Fee

This fee supports the operations of the California Highway Patrol. The CHP fee is typically around $32. There is also a CHP CVRA fee which is $54.

3.3. Vehicle License Fee (VLF)

The VLF is a significant portion of the registration cost, calculated as 0.65% of the vehicle’s purchase price or current value. This fee decreases over the first 11 years of the vehicle’s life.

3.4. Transportation Improvement Fee (TIF)

The TIF is used to fund road repairs, bridge maintenance, and other transportation projects. The amount varies based on the vehicle’s value, ranging from $32 to $227.

3.5. County/District Fee

Depending on your location, you may be charged additional county or district fees. These fees support local transportation and infrastructure projects.

These fees, while standard, can add up, making it crucial to understand each component. If you’re seeking ways to minimize these costs or have questions about specific fees, HOW.EDU.VN offers access to experts who can provide tailored advice.

4. Using DMV Fee Calculators

The California DMV provides online fee calculators to help vehicle owners estimate their registration costs. These tools can be invaluable in planning your budget and understanding the breakdown of fees.

4.1. How to Access the Fee Calculators

You can find the fee calculators on the official California DMV website. Look for the “Vehicle Registration Fee Calculator” or similar tool under the “Online Services” or “Vehicle Registration” sections.

4.2. Information Required

To use the fee calculators accurately, you’ll need to provide specific information about your vehicle and registration status. This typically includes:

  • Vehicle Type: Select the appropriate category, such as auto, motorcycle, or commercial vehicle.
  • Vehicle Value: Enter the purchase price or current value of your vehicle.
  • Registration Type: Indicate whether it’s an original registration, renewal, or transfer.
  • Location: Provide your city and county of residence.
  • Other Relevant Details: Include any additional information, such as special license plates or exemptions.

4.3. Accuracy of Estimates

Keep in mind that the estimates provided by the DMV fee calculators are based on the information you enter and current fee schedules. The actual fees may vary depending on changes in the law or specific circumstances.

4.4. Advantages of Using Fee Calculators

  • Budget Planning: Estimate your registration costs to plan your budget effectively.
  • Transparency: Understand the breakdown of fees and how they are calculated.
  • Convenience: Access the calculators online from the comfort of your home.

For personalized assistance and expert advice on interpreting your fee estimates, reach out to the professionals at HOW.EDU.VN. We connect you with experts who can guide you through the process and answer any questions you may have.

5. Detailed Breakdown of Specific Fees

To provide a comprehensive understanding of California car registration costs, let’s examine some specific fees in detail.

5.1. California Highway Patrol (CHP) Fees

These fees support the CHP’s operations, including traffic enforcement and safety programs. The standard CHP fee is $32, while the CHP CVRA (California Vehicle Registration Act) fee is $54.

Table: CHP Fees

Fee Type Fee Amount
CHP $32
CHP CVRA $54

5.2. Information Request Fees

These fees cover the costs associated with providing vehicle information to individuals or organizations. The fees vary depending on the type of request.

Table: Information Request Fees

Fee Type Fee Amount
Electronic requests by license, ID, or CF number $2
Manual requests (walk-in, mail-in, telephone inquiries) $5
History fee – Automated $5/year
History fee – Non-automated $20/year
History fee – Photocopy $20/year

5.3. Moped Fees

Moped owners also need to register their vehicles and pay specific fees. These fees cover the costs of identification cards, plates, and transfers.

Table: Moped Fees

Fee Type Fee Amount
Replacement ID card $27
Original moped $27
Replacement plate $27
Transfer $27

5.4. Miscellaneous Registration and Service Fees

There are various other fees associated with specific services and situations. These include fees for alternative fuel vehicles, clean air stickers, dishonored checks, and more.

Table: Miscellaneous Registration and Service Fees

Fee Type Fee Amount
Alternative Fuel/Technology Registration $3
Alternative Fuel/Technology Smog $8
Clean air vehicle sticker (original/replacement) $27
Dishonored check $30
Replacement Title $27
Replacement License plates $27
Replacement Registration card $27
Replacement Sticker $27
Engine change $2
Non-resident service (original from out-of-state) $27
Salvage certificate (original/replacement) $27
Smog abatement $20
Smog transfer $8
Rush title $15
Title only $27
Transfer $15
Transfer on death beneficiary designation $10

5.5. Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) Fees

Owners of off-highway vehicles need to pay specific fees every two years to support the California Department of Parks and Recreation Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Recreation Division.

Table: Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) Fees

Fee Type Fee Amount
Original/Renewal OHV $54 total
Replacement certificate $27
Registration $33
CHP $10
Service $7
License $4
Penalties: $27 total
Registration $17
CHP $4
Service $4
License $2
Replacement plate and/or sticker $27
Repossession $10
– Penalty $10
Transfer $27
– Penalty $27

5.6. Permanent Trailer Identification (PTI) Fees

Trailers require permanent identification, and these fees cover the costs associated with original identification, replacements, and transfers.

Table: Permanent Trailer Identification (PTI) Fees

Fee Type Fee Amount
Original/conversion $20
Replacement ID card $7
Replacement title $27
Service (every five years) $10
Replacement plate $7
Transfer $7

5.7. Permit Fees

Various permits, such as fuel tax trip permits and nonresident commercial vehicle trip permits, require specific fees.

Table: Permit Fees

Fee Type Fee Amount
California Fuel Tax Trip Permit $30
Foreign Resident In-transit Permit $60
Unladen Weight Permit $30
Motorcycle Transportation Permit $27
Nonresident Commercial Vehicle Trip Permit $45
Nonresident Daily Commuter Permit $27
One Trip Permit $27
Temporary Operating Permit $50

5.8. Road Improvement Fee (RIF)

The RIF is assessed on all model year 2020 and later zero emission vehicles (ZEV).

Table: Road Improvement Fee (RIF)

Fee Type Fee Amount
Original registration/renewal $118

5.9. Vehicle License Fee (VLF)

The Vehicle License Fee is 0.65% of the purchase price/value of the vehicle.

5.10. Vessel Fees

Fees related to vessel registration.

Table: Vessel Fees

Vessel
Original
– Sold in even year
– Sold in odd year
Penalty
– Sold in even year
– Sold in odd year
Renewal
Biennial renewal (due in odd years)
Penalty
Transfer (except between dealers)
Penalty
Replacement (title or registration)
Repossession

Understanding these specific fees helps you anticipate the costs associated with vehicle registration in California. For expert guidance and personalized advice on managing these fees, connect with the professionals at HOW.EDU.VN. Our team can provide the clarity you need to navigate the complex world of vehicle registration.

6. Understanding Penalties for Late Registration

The California DMV does not offer a grace period for paying annual vehicle registration fees. Paying on time is crucial to avoid penalties, which can significantly increase your registration costs.

6.1. Importance of Timely Payment

Paying your renewal fees on or before the expiration date shown on your current registration card is essential. The registration expires on a specific day, even though your license plates only display the month and year.

6.2. How Penalties Are Assessed

Penalties are calculated by adding a percentage of the vehicle license fee, a registration late fee, and a California Highway Patrol (CHP) late fee. The longer the delay, the higher the penalty amount.

6.3. Penalty Amounts

The penalty amounts vary based on how late the payment is. Here’s a breakdown:

Table: Penalties for Late Registration

If payment is late: Percentage of vehicle license fee and weight fee Registration late fee CHP late fee
1 – 10 days 10% of the vehicle license fee due for that year. 10% of the weight fee due for that year (if any). $10.00 $10.00
11 – 30 days 20% of the vehicle license fee due for that year. 20% of the weight fee due for that year (if any). $15.00 $15.00
31 days – one year 60% of the vehicle license fee due for that year. 60% of the weight fee due for that year (if any). $30.00 $30.00
More than one year – two years 80% of the vehicle license fee due for that year. 80% of the weight fee due for that year (if any). $50.00 $50.00
More than two years 160% of the vehicle license fee due for that year. 160% of the weight fee due for that year (if any). $100.00 $100.00

6.4. Penalties for New Vehicles or Vehicles Never Registered in California

For new vehicles or those never registered in California, the penalties are as follows:

Table: Penalties for New or Never Registered Vehicles

If payment is late: Penalty
One year or less 40% of the vehicle license fee due for that year.
More than one year – two years 80% of the vehicle license fee due for that year.
More than two years 160% of the vehicle license fee due for that year.

6.5. Avoiding Penalties

  • Set Reminders: Mark your calendar or set reminders on your phone to pay your registration fees before the expiration date.
  • Check Your Mail: Ensure your address is updated with the DMV to receive billing notices.
  • Online Payment: Utilize the DMV’s online payment system for quick and easy transactions.
  • Planned Nonoperation (PNO): If you are not using your vehicle, file for PNO to avoid penalties.

For personalized advice on managing your vehicle registration and avoiding penalties, contact the experts at HOW.EDU.VN. We can provide tailored guidance and answer any questions you may have.

7. Road Improvement Fee (RIF) for Zero Emission Vehicles

The Road Improvement Fee (RIF) is a specific fee assessed on zero emission vehicles (ZEV) model year 2020 and later. This fee helps to offset the impact of ZEVs on road maintenance, as these vehicles do not contribute to fuel tax revenues.

7.1. Who Pays the RIF?

Owners of model year 2020 and later zero emission vehicles (ZEV) are required to pay the RIF during vehicle registration renewals. The RIF is not assessed on the initial registration of a newly purchased ZEV from a licensed vehicle dealer.

7.2. RIF Amount

As of current updates, the RIF is $118 for original registration/renewal.

7.3. Purpose of the RIF

The RIF is intended to ensure that ZEV owners contribute to the maintenance and improvement of California’s roads, similar to how fuel taxes support road infrastructure.

7.4. Exemptions

It’s important to note that the RIF is not assessed on the initial registration of a newly purchased ZEV from a licensed dealer.

7.5. How to Pay the RIF

The RIF is typically included in your vehicle registration renewal notice and can be paid through the same channels as other registration fees, such as online, by mail, or in person at a DMV office.

For detailed information and personalized advice on the RIF, connect with the experts at HOW.EDU.VN. We can help you understand your obligations and ensure compliance with California’s vehicle registration requirements.

8. Special License Plate Fees

California offers a variety of special interest license plates that allow vehicle owners to express their interests or support specific causes. These plates come with additional fees, which often fund environmental and special programs.

8.1. Types of Special License Plates

California has a wide range of special license plates, including:

  • Environmental Plates: Support environmental programs and conservation efforts.
  • Organizational Plates: Benefit specific organizations, such as universities or non-profits.
  • Personalized Plates: Allow you to customize your license plate with a unique combination of letters and numbers.

8.2. Additional Costs

In addition to the standard registration fees, special license plates typically involve an initial fee and an annual renewal fee. These fees vary depending on the type of plate.

8.3. How Fees Are Used

The revenue generated from special license plate fees is often earmarked for specific purposes, such as:

  • Environmental Conservation: Funding projects related to clean air, water quality, and habitat preservation.
  • Educational Programs: Supporting schools, universities, and educational initiatives.
  • Charitable Causes: Providing financial assistance to non-profit organizations and community programs.

8.4. Applying for Special License Plates

To apply for a special license plate, you typically need to:

  • Check Availability: Ensure that your desired plate combination is available.
  • Complete an Application: Fill out the required application form, which can usually be found on the DMV website.
  • Pay the Fees: Submit the initial fee along with your application.
  • Wait for Approval: Allow time for the DMV to process your application and issue your new plates.

8.5. Benefits of Special License Plates

  • Personal Expression: Show your support for a cause or organization that you care about.
  • Community Support: Contribute to funding important programs and initiatives.
  • Unique Look: Add a personalized touch to your vehicle.

For expert guidance and assistance with applying for special license plates, contact the professionals at HOW.EDU.VN. We can help you navigate the process and choose the plate that’s right for you.

9. Disabled Person/Veteran (DP/DV) Placard Fees

California provides parking placards for disabled persons and veterans, offering certain privileges and benefits. The fees associated with these placards vary depending on the type and duration.

9.1. DP Parking Placards

Disabled Person (DP) parking placards are available to individuals with qualifying disabilities.

  • Permanent DP Parking Placards: These are free and valid for two years.
  • Temporary DP Parking Placards: These cost $6 and are issued for a limited duration.
  • Temporary placards issued to permanent placard owners: Free.

9.2. DV Parking Placards

Disabled Veteran (DV) parking placards are available to eligible veterans with service-related disabilities.

  • DV Parking Placards: These are free.
  • Replacement DV Parking Placards: The replacement fee is $20.
  • Window decals for vehicles with a wheelchair lift or carrier: Free.

9.3. Eligibility Requirements

To obtain a DP or DV parking placard, you must meet specific eligibility requirements, which may include:

  • Medical Certification: Provide a certification from a licensed physician or other qualified healthcare professional.
  • Proof of Veteran Status: Submit documentation verifying your veteran status and service-related disability.

9.4. Application Process

The application process typically involves:

  • Completing an Application Form: Fill out the required application form, available on the DMV website.
  • Submitting Documentation: Provide the necessary medical certification or proof of veteran status.
  • Paying the Fee (if applicable): Submit the required fee for temporary placards or replacements.
  • Waiting for Approval: Allow time for the DMV to process your application and issue your placard.

9.5. Benefits of DP/DV Placards

  • Designated Parking Spaces: Access to designated parking spaces for disabled persons or veterans.
  • Exemption from Parking Restrictions: Exemption from certain parking restrictions, such as time limits.

For expert guidance and assistance with applying for DP or DV parking placards, contact the professionals at HOW.EDU.VN. We can help you understand the eligibility requirements and navigate the application process.

10. Expert Consultation at HOW.EDU.VN

Navigating the complexities of California car registration fees can be challenging. HOW.EDU.VN offers expert consultation services to help you understand your obligations, minimize costs, and ensure compliance with state regulations.

10.1. Access to Seasoned Professionals

HOW.EDU.VN connects you with seasoned professionals who possess in-depth knowledge of California’s DMV regulations. Our experts can provide personalized advice tailored to your specific situation.

10.2. Personalized Guidance

Whether you have questions about specific fees, need help with the application process, or want to explore options for reducing your registration costs, our experts are here to assist you. We offer personalized guidance to address your unique needs and concerns.

10.3. Time and Cost Savings

By leveraging the expertise of our professionals, you can save time and money by avoiding costly mistakes and ensuring compliance with all requirements. We can help you navigate the complexities of car registration with confidence.

10.4. Comprehensive Support

HOW.EDU.VN provides comprehensive support throughout the car registration process. From initial consultation to ongoing assistance, we are committed to helping you achieve your goals.

Don’t let the complexities of California car registration overwhelm you. Contact HOW.EDU.VN today to schedule a consultation with one of our expert advisors. Let us help you navigate the process with ease and confidence.

11. Step-by-Step Guide to Registering Your Car in California

Registering your car in California involves several steps. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you through the process:

11.1. Gather Required Documents

Before you begin, gather all the necessary documents:

  • Vehicle Title: Proof of ownership.
  • Smog Certification: Required for most vehicles, confirming they meet California’s emissions standards.
  • Odometer Reading: Accurate reading of the vehicle’s mileage.
  • Proof of Insurance: Valid insurance policy that meets California’s minimum coverage requirements.
  • Application for Vehicle Registration (REG 343): Completed application form, available on the DMV website.
  • Payment: Method to pay registration fees, such as cash, check, or credit card.

11.2. Smog Check

Obtain a smog certification from a state-certified smog check station. Most vehicles require a smog check every two years.

11.3. Complete the Application Form

Fill out the Application for Vehicle Registration (REG 343) accurately and completely. Ensure all information matches your vehicle title and other documents.

11.4. Visit a DMV Office or AAA Office

Visit your local DMV office or a participating AAA office. Be prepared to wait in line, as wait times can vary.

11.5. Submit Documents and Payment

Submit all required documents and payment to the DMV representative. They will verify your information and calculate your registration fees.

11.6. Receive Registration and License Plates

Once your application is approved and fees are paid, you will receive your vehicle registration card and license plates. Affix the license plates to your vehicle according to DMV regulations.

11.7. Alternative Options for Registration

  • Online Renewal: Renew your registration online if you have already registered your vehicle in California.
  • Mail-In Renewal: Mail your renewal notice and payment to the address provided on the notice.
  • Third-Party Services: Use a DMV-approved third-party service provider for registration assistance.

11.8. Tips for a Smooth Registration Process

  • Schedule an Appointment: Schedule an appointment at the DMV to reduce wait times.
  • Double-Check Documents: Ensure all documents are accurate and complete to avoid delays.
  • Be Prepared for Fees: Have a method of payment ready to cover registration fees.

For expert guidance and assistance with registering your car in California, contact the professionals at HOW.EDU.VN. We can help you navigate the process and ensure a smooth and efficient experience.

12. Optimizing Your Vehicle Registration Costs

While some registration fees are unavoidable, there are strategies to minimize your vehicle registration costs in California.

12.1. Maintain Your Vehicle

Regular maintenance can prevent costly repairs that could affect your vehicle’s value and, consequently, your registration fees.

12.2. Avoid Penalties

Pay your registration fees on time to avoid late penalties, which can significantly increase your costs.

12.3. Consider Planned Nonoperation (PNO)

If you are not using your vehicle for an extended period, file for Planned Nonoperation (PNO) to avoid registration fees and penalties.

12.4. Review Your Insurance Coverage

Ensure you have the appropriate level of insurance coverage to meet California’s requirements without overpaying for unnecessary coverage.

12.5. Explore Exemptions

Check if you qualify for any exemptions, such as those for disabled veterans or non-resident military personnel.

12.6. Opt for Standard License Plates

Avoid special license plates if you want to minimize your registration fees, as these plates often come with additional costs.

12.7. Accurate Vehicle Valuation

Ensure the vehicle’s value is accurately assessed during registration. Overstating the value can lead to higher Vehicle License Fees (VLF).

12.8. Consult with Experts

Seek advice from professionals at HOW.EDU.VN to explore all available options for optimizing your vehicle registration costs.

13. How HOW.EDU.VN Can Help You Today

Understanding and managing car registration in California can be overwhelming. HOW.EDU.VN offers expert consultation services to simplify the process and ensure you make informed decisions.

13.1. Personalized Consultation

Our experts provide personalized consultations to address your specific needs and concerns. We take the time to understand your situation and offer tailored advice.

13.2. Accurate Information

We provide accurate and up-to-date information on California’s vehicle registration fees and regulations. Our experts stay informed of any changes to ensure you receive the most reliable guidance.

13.3. Time-Saving Solutions

We offer time-saving solutions to help you navigate the car registration process efficiently. From gathering required documents to submitting your application, we can assist you every step of the way.

13.4. Cost-Effective Strategies

Our experts can help you identify cost-effective strategies to minimize your registration fees and avoid unnecessary expenses. We explore all available options to optimize your costs.

13.5. Peace of Mind

With HOW.EDU.VN, you can have peace of mind knowing that you are in compliance with California’s vehicle registration requirements. We provide the support and guidance you need to navigate the process with confidence.

13.6. Connection to Top Experts

Connect with over 100 renowned PhDs across various fields. Get tailored solutions and advice specific to your registration needs.

13.7. Save Valuable Time

Skip the endless online searches and get straight to the answers you need from verified experts.

13.8. Personalized Solutions

Every vehicle and situation is unique. Receive custom solutions crafted to address your specific registration challenges.

13.9. Stay Updated

Vehicle regulations change frequently. Ensure you have the most current information to avoid penalties and delays.

13.10. Contact Information

  • Address: 456 Expertise Plaza, Consult City, CA 90210, United States
  • WhatsApp: +1 (310) 555-1212
  • Website: HOW.EDU.VN

Don’t navigate the complexities of California car registration alone. Contact HOW.EDU.VN today and let our experts guide you through the process with ease and confidence.

14. FAQs About Car Registration in California

14.1. How much does it cost to register a car in California?

The cost varies depending on factors like vehicle type, value, and location. Use the DMV’s online fee calculator for an estimate.

14.2. What documents do I need to register my car?

You’ll need the vehicle title, smog certification, odometer reading, proof of insurance, and an application for vehicle registration (REG 343).

14.3. Can I renew my car registration online?

Yes, if you have already registered your vehicle in California, you can renew online through the DMV website.

14.4. What is the Vehicle License Fee (VLF)?

The VLF is a fee calculated as 0.65% of the vehicle’s purchase price or current value, decreasing over the first 11 years.

14.5. What is the Transportation Improvement Fee (TIF)?

The TIF is used to fund road repairs and maintenance, varying based on the vehicle’s value.

14.6. How can I avoid late registration penalties?

Pay your registration fees on time, set reminders, and consider Planned Nonoperation (PNO) if you’re not using your vehicle.

14.7. What is the Road Improvement Fee (RIF)?

The RIF is assessed on model year 2020 and later zero emission vehicles (ZEV) to offset their impact on road maintenance.

14.8. How do I apply for special license plates?

Check availability, complete an application form, pay the fees, and wait for approval from the DMV.

14.9. How do I obtain a disabled person (DP) parking placard?

Provide medical certification, complete an application form, and submit it to the DMV.

14.10. Where can I get expert help with car registration in California?

Contact HOW.EDU.VN for personalized consultation and expert guidance on car registration in California.

Understanding how much is car registration in California involves considering various factors and fees. By following this comprehensive guide, you can navigate the process more effectively and ensure compliance with state regulations. For expert guidance and personalized assistance, don’t hesitate to contact the professionals at HOW.EDU.VN. We’re here to help you every step of the way.

Are you feeling overwhelmed by the complexities of car registration in California? Do you need expert advice and personalized guidance to navigate the process with confidence?

Contact HOW.EDU.VN today and connect with our team of seasoned professionals. Let us help you understand your obligations, minimize costs, and ensure compliance with state regulations.

Reach out to us now and experience the peace of mind that comes with expert consultation. Your car registration success starts here at HOW.EDU.VN.
Address: 456 Expertise Plaza, Consult City, CA 90210, United States
Whatsapp: +1 (310) 555-1212
Website: how.edu.vn

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *